From mechanical to life causation
نویسنده
چکیده
This work describes how the concept of time and the correlated concept of causation evolved during the last centuries: the way we look at time and causation has important implications on the way we do science and on the tools we choose to use. 1. Mechanical causality and Newton's universe: the life-machine model During the fifteen and sixteen centuries, the scientific revolution radically changed the concept of the universe which humanity had embraced during the Middle Ages, and opened the way to the understandings that we now have of the world. The first signs of the scientific revolution can be traced back to the astronomical observations of Nicholaus Copernicus (1473-1543), which put the Sun at the centre of the universe and showed the contradictions of the geocentric system, in which the Earth was placed at the centre of the universe, and based on the Aristotelian system. The Aristotelian system was introduced by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., and perfected by Ptolemy in the second century A.D.. According to this system, the Earth sits at the centre of the universe and the Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Jupiter and Saturn turn around it in circular orbits, each using a different sphere. These spheres were contained within a greater sphere of the fixed stars, behind which was the sphere of God. The new system proposed by Copernicus, which represented a huge innovation in the astronomical field, was heliocentric, placed the Sun at the centre of the universe, around which the planets
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